May 23: RESISTANCE

ghostly dancing women

Today in Salem: The shipmaster has crossed his arms and is watching without expression as the pious Mary Esty is once again trembling before the magistrates. He and his wife have arrived early and are close enough to see the veins on Mary’s hands as she grips the bar. None of it makes sense.

He and his wife have ridden 20 miles from Boston to clear up a misunderstanding with the magistrates. 11-year-old Abigail Williams has named his wife during a fit, and it’s so obviously a mistake that they’re sure a simple conversation should fix it. But the magistrates aren’t available. It’s an Examination Day, and since he and his wife are already here, they’ve stayed to watch.

It’s hot outside, and even hotter in, and the smell of fear and unwashed bodies is overwhelming as the afflicted girls eke out their story. In starts and stops, passing the story from girl to girl, they tell about an iron spike that had been stolen. It was the spindle from a spinning wheel, and had been locked up in someone’s home. Then, mysteriously, it was missing.

No one knew where the spindle was until Mary Esty’s specter produced it with a flourish and began attacking the afflicted girls. No one could see it – it was spectral – until one of the girls grabbed it. Suddenly it was visible, and of course: It was the stolen spindle.

The pious Mary Esty is hardly allowed to speak before the judges send her back to jail, this time in Boston, with even heavier chains.

The next defendant hasn’t arrived yet, and the girls, only a few feet away, look at the shipmaster and his wife with curiosity. They’re visitors. Who are you? But the shipmaster has barely answered the question when the next defendant is brought in, then the next, and the next, one at a time. The shipmaster is more and more astonished as the spectacle continues.

The magistrates order touch tests, forcing the defendants to touch the afflicted girls and, if they are witches, to remove the evil afflictions. Somehow the girls are always “cured,” with the magistrates hardly glancing at them. They ask the defendants to recite the Lord’s Prayer, and punish them for the slightest pause. They say the girls have been struck dumb when they are simply recovering for a brief second.

None of it is convincing.

Later, taking a break from the proceedings, the shipmaster and his wife find themselves at Ingersoll’s Tavern. The shipmaster has arranged to talk personally with 11-year-old Abigail to clear up her accusation against his wife. But when she and the other girls come in, they convulse violently and fall to the floor. Like swine, he thinks. Like clumsy, rooting hogs.

“It’s her!” one of them cries, then they all join in, pointing and shouting his wife’s name.

His wife protests. She’s never heard of the girls before today. She’s innocent. But the magistrates make her stand up and stretch her arms out until she’s shaking.

“May I at least hold one of her arms?” the shipmaster asks, but no. He’s forbidden to help. They do allow him to wipe the tears and sweat from her face, but when she says she’s about to faint and asks to lean against him, the cruel Judge Hathorne says no again.

“If you are strong enough to torment these girls,” he says, “then you are strong enough to stand without help.”

Suddenly the slave John Indian falls down and begins tumbling around on the floor. He can’t speak, though, and when the magistrates ask the girls who is afflicting him, they say it’s the shipmaster’s wife.

The magistrates order the touch test, which the shipmaster has already seen with dismay. But this time it’s not a simple touch: When she gets close to John Indian, he grabs her hand and pulls her down on the floor with him, rolling and grasping until the constable can pry his hand away. The constable then forces her to touch John’s hand to ”cure” him.

“I hope God takes vengeance on this court!” the shipmaster shouts, “and delivers us from such unmerciful men!” But the magistrates are unmoved, and send his wife to jail.


Tomorrow in Salem: Smallpox, Babies, and Chains

Apr 12: SENT TO JAIL: John Proctor

Today in Salem: Rev Parris’s dog is under the table, resting his head on his front paws and lying on Parris’s feet. The dog is the only spot of calm in the room, though, as Parris tries to transcribe the court’s proceedings.

tired dog

It’s impossible, though. Parris’s own niece, Abigail Williams, is shrieking and convulsing and crying so dramatically that Parris can’t concentrate. She’s 11 years old, and yet somehow she’s louder than the teenage girls. The only person who’s even louder is the slave John Indian. Yesterday the schoolmaster had threatened him fiercely, and John had promised that his fits wouldn’t happen again. But now he’s back, more forcefully than before, and it takes 4 men to control him.

The harsh John Proctor was arrested yesterday during his wife’s examination, and less than 24 hours later the magistrates have brought him here for his own. But he’s hardly spoken when John Indian shouts that Proctor’s specter is on the dog’s back. The girls contort and gasp, pointing as the specter moves from the dog to the magistrate’s lap.

The judges have barely questioned Proctor, but they don’t need to. His specter is obviously tormenting people, right here and now. They send him back to jail to wait for a trial.

By now the Salem jail is so crowded that several prisoners are sent to Boston. Among them: the gospel woman Martha Corey. Her husband, the cantankerous Giles Corey, promises to visit her next week. And he will, but not in the way he thinks.


LEARN MORE: Why did Rev Parris have a dog with him in court? Did people in early colonial America have pets?

The Pilgrims on the Mayflower brought with them two dogs: a mastiff and an English spaniel, who not only survived the journey, but feasted during the first Thanksgiving. But they probably weren’t coddled the way pets are today. Still, Massachusetts published the first laws in America preventing cruelty toward animals, saying that “No man shall exercise any Tirranny or Crueltie towards any bruite Creature which are usuallie kept for man’s use.”

The mastiff continued to be the most popular dog during colonial times. Often, the family dog was tied up outside a front door and used as a guard dog. But many family dogs were treated more companionably and went everywhere with their owners, even to church.

Cats also arrived on the Mayflower (and every ship thereafter), and were expected to earn their keep by hunting pests and vermin. They came and went as they liked and were treated more like working animals than pets. Today, cats are the second most popular pet in the United States … behind dogs, with mastiffs being the 33rd most popular breed.


Tomorrow in Salem: This WEEK in Salem

Mar 31: Lies and accusations

Today in Salem: George Jacobs Sr. already stands a menacing head and shoulders above the other men, and he’s known for his violent temper. So when he bellows and holds his walking stick in the air, the men next to him hunch down and move away.

“They’re lying!” he shouts. “The lot of them!”

It’s Lecture Day, a combination of town meeting and mid-week sermon that’s held every Thursday. Jacobs’ servant Sarah Churchill is in the balcony with the other servants, squeezing Mercy Lewis’s hand. Sarah is 20, and – like Mercy – is a refugee of the wars in Maine. They share the trauma of a brutal past, and Sarah’s abusive master makes her vibrate with fear. While Mercy is fortunate to work for a stern but tolerant household; Sarah is not.

Back in the parsonage, the Rev Parris’s 11-year-old niece Abigail Williams is describing a diabolical scene of 40 witches, right there in the house, mocking the Lord’s Supper with their own Devil’s Supper. Two of the Devil’s deacons are serving: the beggar Sarah Good, and a new specter: the angry Sarah Cloyce, the woman who ran out of church and slammed the door.


WHO was George Jacobs Sr.?

Age 80. Toothless, with long white hair, and so tall that he walked with 2 canes (or “sticks”). He was opinionated and abusive, and known for his violent temper. The gossip among the servants was that he used his walking stick to beat his servant, Sarah Churchill (who became one of his accusers). Soon the other servant girls claimed that Jacobs’ specter was beating them, too, sometimes with his sticks. During his trial, others reported that his specter had committed evil. Case files: George Jacobs Sr. 

WHO was Sarah Churchill?

Age 20-25. Sarah and her family were refugees from the Indian wars in Maine, and had ultimately settled in Salem Village. There she’d hired herself out to the prosperous farmer George Jacobs Sr. When she began feeling torments, it interfered with her work, and Jacobs lost his temper (even calling her a “bitch witch”).

Perhaps because of abuse from Jacobs, her symptoms went away. But then the other girls accused her of witchcraft (what else could explain her cure?). In a panic, Sarah confessed and accused others, but quickly realized she’d cornered herself with lies and false accusations. Throughout the Trials she saved herself with the delicate balance of a confessed witch who was also afflicted.

15 years after the Trials, Sarah married a weaver in Maine, after being fined for premarital fornication. She lived at least until age 59. Case files: Sarah Churchill


Tomorrow in Salem: the Darkness of Light

Mar 20: Martha Corey and her yellow bird go to church

Today in Salem: It’s the Sabbath, and the men’s side of the Meeting House is quietly agog. Women are strictly not allowed to speak in church. And yet here is 11-year-old Abigail Williams, standing up and demanding that the minister state which Scripture he’s using.

angry yellow bird

If it’s possible to be frightened and angry at the same time, Mrs. Parris is it. Abigail has been living with the Parris family for some time now, and her public afflictions have only grown worse. Now Mrs. Parris, sitting on the bench behind her, touches Abigail’s shoulder until she quiets.

The calm is momentary, though, and soon Abigail cries out at the specter of the gospel woman Martha Corey, flying to a beam above their heads then sitting next to a yellow bird. Yellow is the Devil’s color, so it’s even more alarming when the invisible bird flies off the beam and perches defiantly on the preacher’s hat.

Abigail and her afflicted friends continue talking and seeing specters throughout the services, and all through it the gospel woman Martha Corey sits with her back straight and eyes forward.

Finally, mercifully, the services come to an end. Standing to leave and walking toward Giles, Martha can no longer stay quiet. She knows she’s appearing before the Magistrates tomorrow, and of course everything that has happened today will be thrown at her.

She is a Gospel Woman, she says to Giles, and would never do anything like this. These ridiculous girls can’t possibly win tomorrow. Even the Devil himself cannot win. Martha is a Gospel Woman, and she will open the eyes of the Ministers and Magistrates to the truth.


Tomorrow in Salem: EXAMINATION: the gospel woman Martha Corey

Mar 19: NEWLY AFFLICTED: Mary Walcott, the captain’s daughter

Today in Salem: The minister brings the candle closer and asks the teenage girl to show him her wrist. There, in the flickering light, he can see fresh teeth marks. Now he motions to Nathaniel Ingersoll, the tavern’s owner, to come look.

Ingersoll leans down so close that the minister has to pull the candle back. But they agree: she’s been bitten, just now when she’d screamed. It’s Mary Walcott’s first spectral injury, and now she joins her friends in being afflicted. She is 17, the militia captain’s daughter, and cousin to the girls’ leader Ann Putnam.

Across the street at the parsonage, Rev Parris and his wife are looking at each other with fresh alarm as their niece, the 11-year-old tomboy Abigail Williams, flaps her arms furiously and shouts “whish, whish, whish,” as if she’s flying through the house. She screams at the specter of the beloved Rebecca Nurse, then flings herself into the fireplace and throws burning sticks into the room.

Meanwhile, after days of accusations against the gospel woman Martha Corey, the magistrates order the sheriff to bring her to Ingersoll’s Ordinary for a hearing in two days. This will be the second time the Village has gathered to examine an accused witch.


WHO was Nathaniel Ingersoll?

Age about 60. One of two deacons in the church, and a Lieutenant in the militia. Nathaniel was known to be unfailingly honest, fair, and generous. He donated land for the Meeting House. After his father’s death, Nathaniel, 11, went to live with his father’s friend Governor Endecott on a 300-acre country estate, where he apprenticed for several years. There he learned to run his own farm and home, and when he was only 19 he married a young woman and moved on to his own land. The Ingersolls had one daughter, who died young. But their neighbor had several sons, and offered to let the Ingersolls adopt one of them and raise him as their own.

Nathaniel Ingersoll's signature
Endecott Pear Tree
The Endecott Pear Tree is America’s oldest cultivated tree, planted between 1632-1649.

The Ingersoll Ordinary is still standing, though much of the building has been renovated or added to since. The original part of the building was built around 1670. Case files: Nathaniel Ingersoll

Side note: Governor John Endecott was the longest-serving Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony: he was the 1st, 10th, 13th, 15th, and 17th governor. He planted a pear tree sometime between 1632 and 1649, which is still standing. It’s America’s oldest cultivated tree.

WHO was Mary Walcott?

Age 17, she was one of the “core accusers.” Compared to the others, she was unusual in that she had a stable home life. She was not a servant, nor an orphan, and hadn’t been traumatized by the wars in Maine.

She was, however, cousin to Ann Putnam, the girls’ leader. Ann was 12, and her family servant was 18. Mary, age 17, undoubtedly spent a good amount of time with them, and witnessed or heard about their torments.

Mary may have been the first girl to fake affliction. In mid-March, when only one hearing had taken place, a minister was invited to Salem Village to witness the afflictions for himself. One of the first people he met was Mary Walcott, who, during a pleasant conversation, suddenly screamed that she’d been bitten by a specter. Sure enough, the minister could see teeth marks on Mary’s arm.

After the trials, Mary married twice and had at least 10 known children. She died in her mid-70s.

Side notes: Mary’s father was the captain of the village militia. Her aunt was the neighbor who’d suggested a witch-cake to Tituba. Case files: Mary Walcott


Tomorrow in Salem: Martha Corey and her yellow bird go to church

Mar 11: AWAY with little Betty

Today in Salem: Rev Parris uses a quill to scratch out a letter to his cousin in Boston. I should have done this sooner, he thinks. His daughter Betty is only 9, and it’s final: he needs to send her as far away, as quickly as possible, from the witchcraft hysteria. Perhaps his cousin will take her in.

Little Betty has been suffering from fits and seizures for weeks, cried and shook her way through the hearings for Tituba and the two Sarahs, and was again tormented two nights ago. And today, more of the same. Several ministers have spent all day at the parsonage, fasting and praying. Every time one of the ministers said “Amen,” Betty and her cousin Abigail twisted and jerked, barely under control. The girls know that the word “Amen” means “truth.” Obviously the devil knows it, too.

Rev Parris drips hot wax on the note and presses his seal into it. God’s will be done, he thinks, and hopes he’s doing the right thing. But he’d rather not see his daughter at all, than see her at home in so much distress.


Tomorrow in Salem: NEW GIRL: the servant Mary Warren joins the afflicted; Martha Corey makes things worse

Mar 8: Vengeful specters attack the girls

Today in Salem: The gale-force wind continues, blustering north through the streets of Boston, out of the town, over the roiling water, and through the marshes into Salem Village. Heavy clouds hang over naked trees that moan and sway in the gusts, carrying the vengeful specters of the beggar Sarah Good and the sickly Sarah Osborne. The women are locked in the Boston jail, 20 miles away from Salem Village. But their specters are here, bent on revenge, twisting and choking the girls who dared to testify against them.

The meeting house is in disrepair, and now a board is pried loose in the wind, sailing into the air and smashing against the wall of the parsonage. Inside, little Betty jumps at the sound and nearly faints, then bursts into tears before bending backward and twisting hard toward the fireplace.

11-year-old tomboy Abigail Williams isn’t much better, grasping the table, sobbing and choking at the same time. Across the village at the Putnam home, the 12-year-old Ann is flailing her arms and yelling at the specters that she will not, will not follow them. And, at the home of Dr. Griggs, his 17-year-old servant Elizabeth Hubbard is staring at the hearth fire, wide-eyed and seemingly in a trance, unmoving, even when the wood snaps and an ember flies toward her.


LEARN MORE: Were the afflicted girls really having “fits,” or were they faking it?

Probably both, sometimes maliciously, but also because of stress, past trauma, fear, boredom, and perhaps mass hysteria.

Of the ten main accusers, at least two and probably more were traumatized refugees from the Indian Wars in Maine. These were teenage girls and young women who’d watched as their homes and towns were burned and their family members murdered brutally. The attacks were not small or isolated. In one campaign, 60 miles of Maine coastland were destroyed in five weeks, with not one English settlement left.

Today we would say these girls had PTSD. But the Puritan Church of the time believed that dreams and nightmares carried messages and prophesies. One can only imagine what kind of dreams or even hallucinations these girls were having, and what they were told they meant.

Consider, too, that at least four of the girls – some of them refugees – were orphans who’d lost their parents, and therefore their financial and emotional support, dowries, and social connections. Puritan culture required each person to be “attached” to a family unit. So the orphan was taken in, frequently by extended family, and treated as a servant. Overnight these girls had lost their prospects. They’d never be married, never have children, and never have status in the church. They would be servants forever. Some of these hopeless girls had nothing else to lose, and may have been vengeful or uncaring.

On a larger level, the entire community was suffering tremendous anxiety. They were at war with the Indians, believed that Satan was active and intent on destroying them, and had just endured a brutally cold winter. Even the youngest accuser, age 9, would have picked up on that level of turmoil.

Still, despite any compassionate context, it’s true that some fakery was at play, with staged injuries, dramatic acting, and obvious teamwork. One accuser eventually confessed that she’d lied, and two of them joked that they just wanted to have fun. It was complicated, but not, and leaves us with questions we’ll never be able to answer fully.


Tomorrow in Salem: CHAINED: Good & Osborne

Mar 3: Dorcas, the tiniest witch

broken doll

Today in Salem: The three accused witches are finally behind bars, and 9-year-old little Betty, the tomboy Abigail Williams, and the 17-year-old servant Elizabeth Hubbard are feeling somewhat better.

Ann Putnam is still tormented, though, this time by the specters of a woman and a little girl. Ann doesn’t know who the woman is, but she recognizes the girl: It’s the beggar Sarah Good’s 4-year-old daughter, Dorcas. Sarah has her baby in jail with her, but has left Dorcas behind in the care of her hapless father.

Can it be? Is it possible for a small child to be a witch? If any child could be, it would be Dorcas. In the best of times Dorcas is a wild child, dirty, disheveled, and often hungry. Now, though, with her mother gone, the little girl is frightened and furious, and her specter bites, pinches, and chokes Ann in revenge.

Meanwhile the magistrates are interviewing the three imprisoned witches at the jail. It doesn’t matter that the two Sarahs have denied being in league with the Devil. The magistrates know they’re guilty, and they must confess.

The beggar Sarah Good has been brought back to Salem, and now she’s twisted at an awkward angle, nursing her baby in one arm. The other is bruised and swollen from leaping off the constable’s horse, and she holds it close, as if it’s in an imaginary sling. In another corner of the jail cell, the sickly Sarah Osborne is sleeping in dirty straw, breathing shallowly. The cruel magistrate John Hathorne prods her with his foot until she rolls over to look at him.

“What promise have you made to the Devil?” He looks back and forth to each of them. None, they both say at the same time. “Have you signed his book? Tell the truth!” The beggar just laughs and holds her baby closer. The sickly Sarah Osborne sighs. No, they say.

As for the slave Tituba, she’s been pacing in a small circle all day. She’s already confessed, but to prove her worth, she adds a new detail: when the previous minister’s wife and child died, it was because of witchcraft.


LEARN MORE: What was the jail in Salem like?

The Salem “Gaol” was only eight years old when the witchcraft trials began. The floor was dirt, and the windows had iron bars. But we don’t know much more about the building, except that it was described as “thirteen feet stud, and twenty feet square, accommodated with a yard.” It’s hard to translate that into today’s measurements. Was the facade of the building 20 square feet? Or did that refer to the length and width? Did it have two stories? What was the distance between studs? Was it built of stone or wood? We know it had a yard, but was it secured to the exterior of the building, or was it a central courtyard?

The most important thing we know is that the conditions were appalling. It was hot in the summer and cold in the winter, and smelled of dung, vomit, dead vermin, and unwashed bodies year-round. It was miserably overcrowded, and prisoners were infested with fleas and lice thanks to vermin, which spread “jail fever” (typhus). An earlier prisoner said he was “almost poisoned with the stink of my own dung and the stink of the prison having never so much as a minute’s time to take the air since I came into this dolesome place.”


WHO was Dorcas Good? Dorcas was the 4-year-old daughter of the beggar Sarah Good. Dorcas was accused of witchcraft, like her mother, and confessed that her mother had given her a little snake that sucked on her finger. The magistrates took this to mean she had a “familiar” and was, therefore, guilty. Dorcas stayed in prison for eight months and was emotionally damaged for the rest of her life.


Tomorrow in Salem: Choices: the beggar Sarah Good

Mar 1: IN COURT: the beggar Sarah Good, the sickly Sarah Osborne, & the slave Tituba

Today in Salem: the village has turned out in full force to goggle at the slave Tituba, sickly Sarah Osborne, and the beggar Sarah Good, clustered in the middle of the meeting house. The tavern owner’s wife has already examined the accused women for witch’s marks, but hasn’t found any. Now it’s the judges’ turn to look for evidence.

When they’re not staring at the accused witches, the crowd is gaping at the four afflicted girls. Little Betty Parris hides behind her tomboy cousin Abigail Williams, both of them breathing hard through tears. The girls’ leader Ann Putnam stands at the front of the group, gasping and wringing her hands. The servant Elizabeth Hubbard stands back, holding her neck with both hands and choking as if she’s being strangled.

The crowd quiets as the two magistrates intone the opening prayers. Then the Sheriff takes the slave Tituba and the sickly Sarah Osborne out, leaving the beggar Sarah Good behind, her baby in her arms, and her pipe clenched firmly between her teeth.

The aggressive magistrate John Hathorne attacks first. What evil spirit is Good familiar with? None! Have you made a contract with the Devil? No! Why do you hurt these children? I scorn it! The quieter magistrate Jonathan Corwin watches carefully as the girls insist that Sarah’s specter is lunging at them this very minute. But when her own husband tells the judges that she is an enemy to all good, it’s over. The magistrates send Sarah with her baby to stay with a relative, who is a constable and can keep her and her baby under lock and key.

When the sickly Sarah Osborne is ushered in she denies being a witch. But yes, she did have a nightmare once about a black Indian who grabbed her by the hair. And yes, she’d once heard a voice telling her not to go to church. The judges squint. Couldn’t the Devil be the nightmare Indian? And couldn’t the voice she was hearing actually be his? Unlike the beggar’s husband, Sarah Osborne’s husband testifies that she’s telling the truth. The judges aren’t sure, though, and releasing her is risky. So they send her to jail to wait for a trial.

The slave Tituba confronts the same questions and denies all evil-doing, but the judges’ eyes narrow when she pauses. Perhaps remembering yesterday’s beating, she changes course and spills out a partial confession. Actually she did see the Devil, she says in her exotic accent, and four witches, too. And yes, she admits that she agreed to join the witches, but then she changed her mind. And yes, she has hurt the children, but only because the Devil man threatened her.

Judge Hathorne leans in and begins rapid-firing questions. Who were the other witches? She doesn’t know two of them, but the other two are the beggar Sarah Good and the sickly Sarah Osborne. She pauses, and suddenly the details pour out. She’d seen them around a hog, a black dog, also a red cat and a black cat, plus a yellow bird, she says, with two imps warming themselves by the fire in the parsonage last night. She gives detailed accounts of the witches’ clothing and the Devil man’s appearance, and finally, in the face of the non-stop questions, closes her eyes and says she is suddenly blind, and then mute, and then chokes and gasps just like the afflicted girls. Then, recovering her voice, she says the specters of the two Sarahs are attacking her. Tituba has confessed, so the judges send her to jail to await trial and sentencing.


LEARN MORE: Is a magistrate the same thing as a judge?
In a way, yes, but a magistrate is lower level, a lay judge who deals with minor offenses. They may also hold preliminary hearings for more serious offenses that will later go to trial.

In Salem, the magistrates were local politicians and/or respected merchants. They usually dealt with minor charges like drunkenness. For the Salem Witchcraft Trials, they held examinations, or hearings, for people accused of witchcraft to decide whether a more former trial should take place. If the magistrate decided there was enough evidence to suggest guilt, the accused person would go to jail until a grand jury could convene for a trial.


WHO was magistrate Jonathan Corwin?
Jonathan Corwin — Age 51. Magistrate. Corwin was a wealthy merchant who was elected to the colonial assembly twice, and was an active magistrate of the local courts, hearing cases dealing with petty crimes and minor charges such as drunkenness and burglary. With his friend and fellow judge John hathore, he presided over many of the initial hearings for the witchcraft trials and was relentless in seeking confessions.

Corwin’s personal life was hardly peaceful. Four of his children had recently died when he called the first witchcraft hearing into order, and another had nearly drowned. One of his other children was said to have been afflicted by one of the accused women. Later his mother-in-law would be accused of witchcraft, though she was never arrested.

Corwin never expressed regret or remorse for his role in the trials, and died 26 years later a wealthy and respected man. His house is still standing and is known today as the Witch House. Case files: Jonathan Corwin

WHO was magistrate John Hathorne?
Age 51. Magistrate. Hathorne began his business career as a bookkeeper, but quickly moved to land speculation. Eventually he acquired a ship, a wharf, and a liquor license, and made enough money to build a mansion in Salem Town, plus a warehouse near the wharf.

Hathorne had served the Salem community as a judge for about five years when the trials began. He was fierce in his questioning, always assuming the accused person was guilty and that the afflicted girls were truthful. It was a perfect example of “guilty until proven innocent.”

Hathorne was thought to be an aggressive and even cruel judge, and showed no introspection or remorse after the trials ended. Some of his descendants were ashamed of their connection to him, including his great-great-grandson Nathaniel Hawthorne, who added a W to his name before writing “House of the Seven Gables.” Case files: John Hathorne


Tomorrow in Salem: On the run: the beggar Sarah Good

Feb 28-29: Parris beats a confession out of Tituba

powder burst

Today in Salem: Rev Parris’s hands are red and swollen from beating his slave Tituba. Parris is done, done with waiting and praying. Little Betty and her cousin the tomboy Abigail are growing worse, not better, and now he’s beaten a confession out of Tituba. Yes. Yes, she’s a witch, she cries. Not just that, but so are the beggar Sarah Good and the sickly Saran Osborne, plus two other witches she doesn’t recognize.

Parris relays the confession to a church deacon, who enlists three other men to ride to town and file complaints against Tituba, Sarah Good, and Sarah Osborne. Warrants are immediately issued for their arrest, with orders to appear tomorrow morning for a hearing.

Tonight, according to the girls, the beggar Sarah Good’s specter torments the 17-year-old servant Elizabeth Hubbard. The specter of the sickly Sarah Osborne manifests as a human-headed bird and torments Betty, age 9, and Abigail, age 11. And the specters of Osborne and Tituba try to cut off 12-year-old Ann Putnam’s head.


LEARN MORE: How could Rev Parris beat his slave? Wasn’t slavery just during the Civil War?

No. The first enslaved Africans were brought to America more than 150 years before the witchcraft trials, and nearly 300 years before the U.S. Civil War.

The Body of Liberties title page
The Massachusetts Body of Liberties of 1641 was the first legal code established in New England. It outlawed slavery but legalized the slave trade at the same time.

About 50 years before the trials, the Puritans outlawed slavery with two exceptions: prisoners of war (most often Native Americans), and strangers who were sold to them or sold themselves. So, ironically, the very law that outlawed slavery also legalized the slave trade between America, the West Indies, and Africa.

In Salem at the time, we know of at least five enslaved people: In the Parris household were Tituba and John Indian with their daughter Violet, who’s age and birthplace are unknown. Two other women, Mary Black and Candy, both named in the trials, were enslaved by other families.

While Rev Parris “owned” Tituba because of legal loopholes, beating her was immoral and outside the law. In fact, the Puritan minister Cotton Mather later promised that if owners mistreated their slaves, “the Sword of Justice” would sweep through the colony.


Tomorrow in Salem: IN COURT: the beggar Sarah Good, the sickly Sarah Osborne, & the slave Tituba