Oct 3: The furious Rev. Increase Mather is *done*

Today in Salem: the prominent Rev Increase Mather is furious. Twenty people have died. Eight more have been sentenced. More than one hundred people, including children, are still in prison. This week yet another parent has asked the afflicted girls — rather than God — to say who’s hurting his child. Then two dogs were killed; one of them obviously an innocent animal. And all of this because of the shrieking and swooning of a handful of girls who say they can see specters.

Today Mather has written an essay on the matter, and, as the most influential minister in New England, he intends it to stop the Trials entirely.

“It were better that ten suspected witches should escape,” he’s written, “than that one innocent person should be condemned.”

Now his son, the Puritan minister Cotton Mather, is reading the essay to a group of area ministers. He is a stammerer, and in the best of times speaks slowly. These are not the best of times, though, so he articulates each word even more slowly, in a clear and authoritative voice, so the ministers can hear and consider his father’s main points:

The Devil CAN impersonate an innocent person to hurt others.

Proof is ONLY shown by confession or testimony from two people about real-world evil.

Seeing specters is NOT proof.

Touch tests are DANGEROUS. Asking an accused person to touch and heal the afflicted is a jaw-dropping mockery of the power of Jesus Christ to touch and cure the sick. It also tempts the Devil to touch and hurt that person.


LEARN MORE: These four points are distilled from a 74-page essay. Many details (and much florid writing) have been omitted. But the main points stand.

The essay can be found in its entirety here and is titled:

Cases of Conscience
concerning evil
SPIRITS
Personating Men,
Witchcrafts, infallible Proofs of
Guilt in such as are accused
with that Crime.

By Increase Mather,
President of Harvard College at Cambridge, and Teacher of
a Church at Boston in New-England.


Tomorrow in Salem: SEIZED and SENT: the Sheriff takes cattle, and the ministers send a letter

Sep 2: Resistance

Today in Salem: The prominent minister Cotton Mather sends a manuscript to Chief Justice William Stoughton. The people were just short of an angry mob at the last hanging, and the tide has turned against the trials. They’re furious at the thought of innocent people dying because it was the Devil – not them – using their specters. In fact, the public is so angry that it might be too late to reform the court. It could destroy the judicial system altogether, or even lead to violence against the judges.

The ministers agree in part. All summer they’ve said that spectral evidence alone isn’t enough to find someone guilty and sentence them to death. Of course, those who’ve been hanged so far were guilty without question. Still, it’s possible that many innocent people have been swept up in the fervor and eventually will die, only because their specters have been seen doing evil. So the question remains: What if those specters are actually the Devil in disguise?

Mather knows that a guilty verdict requires three kinds of evidence: spectral, real-world evil, and recognition from confessed witches. But he isn’t sure that the citizenry knows that. Maybe it will calm things down if Mather writes about how careful the judges are being.

Earlier this summer he’d asked Chief Justice Stoughton about his idea. Did he agree with Mather’s representation? Would he write an endorsement? Stoughton does agree, in general. But he’s never wavered from one key point: that the Devil can disguise himself as an innocent person’s specter only if that person has given their permission. Unfortunately Mather thought the Chief Justice had changed his mind and didn’t follow up on it. Now the manuscript rests in Stoughton’s hands.


Tomorrow in Salem: ContagionSep 3: Contagion

Aug 19: *** Sensitive Content: Death by Hanging ***

Today in Salem: The pregnant Elizabeth Proctor wills herself to keep looking, not to blink, to keep her eyes wide, and to watch every movement of her husband as he climbs into the sheriff’s cart and prepares for his final journey. She memorizes John’s face, the set of his shoulders, the way he holds out a calloused hand to help the only woman who will be hanged today. He is innocent, and it confounds her, why God would allow this.

The cart sags under the weight of the condemned: three farmers, a minister, and another minister’s niece, and although the farmers might prefer to walk, it would be difficult with the throng of people surrounding them. An even larger crowd is waiting at Gallows Hill, though, twice as large as those at previous hangings. For as much as the hanging itself is sensational, it’s the minister George Burroughs that the crowd has come to see. Is it true? Is a minister — a minister — in league with the Devil? Worse, is it not true? Are they about to hang an innocent man?

A wooden ladder is leaning against the branch of the hanging tree, where several ministers wait to pray for the condemned if they ask. The prisoners stand up in the cart, and the former deputy John Willard steps to the front. He’d quit his position last spring when he began to think he was arresting innocent people. But now he knows it. “Please pray with us,” he says to the ministers. “We are innocent. Please pray that ours will be the last innocent blood that is shed.”

At that, John Proctor steps forward. “We are innocent, and yet we ask that God will forgive us all our sins.” He looks at the crowd. “We also pray that he will forgive the sins of our accusers.” The crowd starts to shuffle and bow their heads as the Reverend Cotton Mather begins to pray.

It’s now, when people are looking away or closing their eyes, that the Sheriff decides the order of execution, for when the crowd looks up, the outcast Martha Carrier already has the noose around her neck. If any of them are guilty it’s she, with a trail of death and smallpox behind her. Rev Cotton Mather has barely said Amen when the crowd begins to boo and jeer.

It’s easy to see her husband, standing a full foot taller than the men around him. But Martha is looking up at the sky. Does she not hear him begging her to confess? Or are his entreaties drowned out by the noise of the cheering crowd? Just like that, before she can look down, the Sheriff knocks the ladder away and she hangs, swaying in the swirling dust.

The elderly George Jacobs Sr. stands on a lower rung, having climbed with difficulty, not having the use of his canes. Jacobs has always been ornery, even vulgar, and now is no different. He has no last words except a string of his own accusations, of the girls lying, the judges ignorant, the Sheriff stealing. At that, the Sheriff kicks the ladder away and Jacobs hangs, as quickly as an 80-year-old man would.

The hangings continue, one after the other. The ladder creaks under the weight of the bold John Proctor. With his pregnant wife Elizabeth in jail, his oldest son is running the 700-acre Proctor farm and caring for the younger children. Still, he’s found a way to be there, and mirrors John’s stance, with his shoulders back and an angry look in his eyes.

The crowd is quieter now as the former deputy John Willard climbs the ladder easily. He stares hard at the Sheriff, who used to direct him in his arrests. Then he locks eyes with his wife, who holds their three year-old daughter on her hip, swaying the way mothers do. Willard isn’t a large man like Proctor, but he stands tall and doesn’t flinch or resist when the Sheriff kicks the ladder.

Finally it’s the minister George Burroughs who climbs the ladder and turns toward the crowd. “What say ye?” asks Cotton Mather. The ladder wobbles as the sheriff ties Burroughs’ hands and legs. “Our Father, Who art in heaven,” Burroughs says. “Hallowed be Thy Name.” He calmly finishes the Lord’s Prayer, flawlessly, with nary a stutter.

An uncomfortable buzz begins at the front of the crowd and moves to the back, and several women begin to cry. Everyone knows that witches and wizards cannot recite Scripture, most especially and in particular the Lord’s Prayer. And yet here he is, the minister they’ve accused, doing exactly what he should not be able to do.

“Stop!” someone yells. “Stop!” The cry spreads through the crowd, growing louder and louder, until it seems like half of the people are raising their hands and shouting. Something has changed. The Sheriff hesitates, and looks at Rev Cotton Mather.

“It’s the Devil’s work!” cries one of the afflicted girls, and points at Burroughs. “The Devil is telling him what to say!”

Mather blinks and gives a nod; the tiniest, almost imperceptible nod. At that, the Sheriff turns away and kicks the ladder, hard, until the Reverend George Burroughs hangs.

The deputies bury the bodies quickly, this time in one large grave, so quickly that George Burroughs’ hand protrudes from the dirt, resting awkwardly on someone else’s foot. Tonight several men will float down the dark river, just as some have before them. They will take the bodies of John Proctor and George Jacobs, and bury them at home with dignity. The others will be left behind.


Tomorrow in Salem: A guilty granddaughter mourns

Aug 13: Rev Cotton Mather says what he thinks … again

Today in Salem: The cobblestones are warm underfoot as the Reverend Cotton Mather walks to his office in the early morning heat. In his pocket, he’s folded and tucked a letter from the Governor’s council, and now he composes an answer as he’s walking.

The letter he’s received is short but clear: What advice can he offer about the witchcraft trials? Five more witches will be hanged next week, and one of them is a minister. The council is uneasy, more than ever. How should the Governor proceed?

Mather gives an exasperated huff as he walks. His opinions haven’t changed, and he’s already expressed them clearly, or so he’d thought. Fine. He will write a letter that’s simple enough for a child to understand.

  • The Devil can impersonate anyone, even the Governor himself. (Therefore, do not use spectral evidence alone to prove someone’s guilt.)
  • The Devil doesn’t need permission to impersonate someone. (Therefore, believe people who say they didn’t know about their specter.)
  • An accused person can be victimized by the Devil, just like an afflicted person can be. (Therefore, do not use the touch test in court, since the Devil can control both parties.)
  • For those who are found guilty, consider exile rather than execution. (He himself would
  • accept this punishment if his specter was seen.)

He pushes the quill in frustration and winces when the ink splotches. None of this is different from what he’s already said, in person and in writing. Why are they asking again?


Tomorrow in Salem: The Nurse family is AWOL from church

July 20: Seeds of doubt take root

Today in Salem: People are catching their breath. Yesterday was a whipsaw of emotion, with cheers at the hanging of the beggar Sarah Good, loud support for that of the widows Sarah Wilds and Susannah Martin, confusion at the execution of the neighborly Elizabeth How, and bewildered grief at the death of the beloved Rebecca Nurse.

The doubt extends to one of the judges, who is also a well-regarded minister. “Are much perplexed per witchcrafts,” he writes, in a letter to his cousin. “Six persons have already been condemned and executed at Salem.”

With the Rev Cotton Mather and other ministers, he attends a fast at the home of Captain John Alden, who’s been in jail for longer than six weeks.

Who croweneth thee
With His tender compassion
And kind benignity

they sing, after a day of fasting and praying. It’s no small thing for a judge to pray at the home of an accused man, but the judge is a minister after all.


Tomorrow in Salem: SUMMARY: Paying respects

July 6: Where there’s smoke

Today in Salem: The Reverend Cotton Mather stands in the door of his Boston church and stares, unspeaking, at the charred ruins just one block away. It was midnight last night when a blazing fire had escaped from the hearth in a nearby tavern, burned through its wooden walls, then rode on glowing embers to some twenty other buildings nearby. Men shouted through the smoke and passed water in leather buckets from hand to hand, until finally, mercifully, the fire was gone.

Rev Cotton Mather had despaired of the church, built of wood and only one street away from the fire. So he’d risen early this morning, forgoing his usual bread and cheese, and hurried to the church, prepared for destruction. But, except for a sharp smell that permeates the walls, the benches, and even the pulpit, it’s been spared.

What does it mean? Cotton pauses and says a silent prayer of gratitude for God’s protection. But still he wonders. Why would God allow a fire to burn so closely to the church, and yet not harm it? Is it a warning? What evil is creeping toward him and his flock?

Cotton looks to the sky, where ashes float like soft gray snow, swirling as the air is stirred. He can taste them, feel them in his throat, his eyes, his nostrils. He turns away and enters the church. The ashes will be gone by Sabbath day, he’s certain. But the acrid smell will stay.


WHO was Cotton Mather?

The Reverend Cotton Mather was 29 at the time of the trials, and one of the most conservative and influential Puritan ministers in colonial America. He’s remembered today for setting the extreme moral tone of Puritan New England, for his prolific writing (more than 450 books and pamphlets), and for his scholarship in science. He’s also known for his involvement in the events surrounding the Salem Witchcraft Trials.

Cotton Mather
Cotton Mather circa 1700

Little is written about Cotton Mather’s severe stutter as a child and young man, and although he claimed to have been cured, it’s more likely that he learned to mask it. In public he was a careful and deliberative speaker. When not in the pulpit, he was quiet, which only added to his reputation of arrogance. Regardless, his speech defect might be one reason he was such a prolific writer. It could also explain his deep interest in science as an alternative career to the ministry.

Three years before the Trials, when he was 26, Mather published a book about several afflicted children who were bewitched by a local washerwoman. Mather himself had been deeply involved with the families, observing and recording the children’s activities, and played a role in the washerwoman’s ultimate hanging. Some say the book helped lay the groundwork for the Salem Witchcraft Trials.

Cotton Mather's signature

Mather was highly influential in the ministry, offered conflicting and calamitous advice about using specters as evidence, and publicized (and even celebrated) the trials as they were happening. He witnessed at least 5 hangings, calling one accused woman a ”rampant hag,” and an accused minister a “puny man.“ Later he congratulated the Chief Justice for “extinguishing as wonderful a piece of devilism as has been seen in the world.”

Cotton Mather never expressed remorse or regret for his role in the witchcraft hysteria. In fact, for several years after the trials, he continued to defend them and seemed to hold out a hope for their return.

In a more scholarly vein, he went on to make legitimate contributions to the sciences of plant hybridization and disease inoculation, and became a fellow of the Royal Society of London. He promoted Newtonian science in America, and wrote extensively to unify the fields of science, philosophy, and religion.

Cotton Mather died 36 years after the trials. He was twice widowed, and only two of his 15 children outlived him. His grave can be found in the Copp’s Hill Burying Ground in Boston. Case files: Cotton Mather


Tomorrow in Salem: UNBROKEN: the beggar Sarah Good