Aug 19: *** Sensitive Content: Death by Hanging ***

Today in Salem: The pregnant Elizabeth Proctor wills herself to keep looking, not to blink, to keep her eyes wide, and to watch every movement of her husband as he climbs into the sheriff’s cart and prepares for his final journey. She memorizes John’s face, the set of his shoulders, the way he holds out a calloused hand to help the only woman who will be hanged today. He is innocent, and it confounds her, why God would allow this.

The cart sags under the weight of the condemned: three farmers, a minister, and another minister’s niece, and although the farmers might prefer to walk, it would be difficult with the throng of people surrounding them. An even larger crowd is waiting at Gallows Hill, though, twice as large as those at previous hangings. For as much as the hanging itself is sensational, it’s the minister George Burroughs that the crowd has come to see. Is it true? Is a minister — a minister — in league with the Devil? Worse, is it not true? Are they about to hang an innocent man?

A wooden ladder is leaning against the branch of the hanging tree, where several ministers wait to pray for the condemned if they ask. The prisoners stand up in the cart, and the former deputy John Willard steps to the front. He’d quit his position last spring when he began to think he was arresting innocent people. But now he knows it. “Please pray with us,” he says to the ministers. “We are innocent. Please pray that ours will be the last innocent blood that is shed.”

At that, John Proctor steps forward. “We are innocent, and yet we ask that God will forgive us all our sins.” He looks at the crowd. “We also pray that he will forgive the sins of our accusers.” The crowd starts to shuffle and bow their heads as the Reverend Cotton Mather begins to pray.

It’s now, when people are looking away or closing their eyes, that the Sheriff decides the order of execution, for when the crowd looks up, the outcast Martha Carrier already has the noose around her neck. If any of them are guilty it’s she, with a trail of death and smallpox behind her. Rev Cotton Mather has barely said Amen when the crowd begins to boo and jeer.

It’s easy to see her husband, standing a full foot taller than the men around him. But Martha is looking up at the sky. Does she not hear him begging her to confess? Or are his entreaties drowned out by the noise of the cheering crowd? Just like that, before she can look down, the Sheriff knocks the ladder away and she hangs, swaying in the swirling dust.

The elderly George Jacobs Sr. stands on a lower rung, having climbed with difficulty, not having the use of his canes. Jacobs has always been ornery, even vulgar, and now is no different. He has no last words except a string of his own accusations, of the girls lying, the judges ignorant, the Sheriff stealing. At that, the Sheriff kicks the ladder away and Jacobs hangs, as quickly as an 80-year-old man would.

The hangings continue, one after the other. The ladder creaks under the weight of the bold John Proctor. With his pregnant wife Elizabeth in jail, his oldest son is running the 700-acre Proctor farm and caring for the younger children. Still, he’s found a way to be there, and mirrors John’s stance, with his shoulders back and an angry look in his eyes.

The crowd is quieter now as the former deputy John Willard climbs the ladder easily. He stares hard at the Sheriff, who used to direct him in his arrests. Then he locks eyes with his wife, who holds their three year-old daughter on her hip, swaying the way mothers do. Willard isn’t a large man like Proctor, but he stands tall and doesn’t flinch or resist when the Sheriff kicks the ladder.

Finally it’s the minister George Burroughs who climbs the ladder and turns toward the crowd. “What say ye?” asks Cotton Mather. The ladder wobbles as the sheriff ties Burroughs’ hands and legs. “Our Father, Who art in heaven,” Burroughs says. “Hallowed be Thy Name.” He calmly finishes the Lord’s Prayer, flawlessly, with nary a stutter.

An uncomfortable buzz begins at the front of the crowd and moves to the back, and several women begin to cry. Everyone knows that witches and wizards cannot recite Scripture, most especially and in particular the Lord’s Prayer. And yet here he is, the minister they’ve accused, doing exactly what he should not be able to do.

“Stop!” someone yells. “Stop!” The cry spreads through the crowd, growing louder and louder, until it seems like half of the people are raising their hands and shouting. Something has changed. The Sheriff hesitates, and looks at Rev Cotton Mather.

“It’s the Devil’s work!” cries one of the afflicted girls, and points at Burroughs. “The Devil is telling him what to say!”

Mather blinks and gives a nod; the tiniest, almost imperceptible nod. At that, the Sheriff turns away and kicks the ladder, hard, until the Reverend George Burroughs hangs.

The deputies bury the bodies quickly, this time in one large grave, so quickly that George Burroughs’ hand protrudes from the dirt, resting awkwardly on someone else’s foot. Tonight several men will float down the dark river, just as some have before them. They will take the bodies of John Proctor and George Jacobs, and bury them at home with dignity. The others will be left behind.


Tomorrow in Salem: A guilty granddaughter mourns

Aug 17: No reprieve for the wicked

Today in Salem: The sounds of galloping hooves and her own strangled breathing are all John Willard’s wife can hear as she races from Salem to Boston. Six months ago John was a deputy, an esteemed man who was trusted by the authorities, if not the public. Now he’s in jail, though, convicted of witchcraft, and will be hanged.

She’d convinced the court to consider his former reputation and release him for a day or two so he could see his children before his execution. But the jail keeper in Salem says he never received authorization from Boston, and she means to find out why. John will be hanged in two days, and there’s no time to spare.


LEARN MORE: Why were prisoners allowed to leave jail? Why didn’t more of them escape?

These days, a guilty sentence might include a number of years in prison, where being locked up is a punishment in itself. In colonial times, though, jail was not a punishment. It was a detention center, where prisoners waited for their actual punishment; for example, whipping, fines, or death.

If a prisoner could convince the authorities that detention wasn’t necessary, they could leave jail for a few hours, as long as they promised to return for the night. Occasionally they were released for days or even weeks. These prisoners were almost always rich or well-connected men who were seen as trustworthy.

Even with the privilege of leaving jail, actual escape was difficult. There were no getaway cars or flights to another country. Horses and hiding were the only options, both of which were easy for authorities to discover. Successful escapees usually depended on a chain of friends and family to hide them in several places as they traveled to other colonies. It required connections and money, which most prisoners didn’t have.


Tomorrow in Salem: A sobbing confession

Aug 6: GUILTY: the incredulous farmer and the flawed former deputy

Today in Salem: The tall and abusive George Jacobs Sr. is leaning forward on both of his canes, incredulous. This is his trial. His trial. He will live or die by this. But the judges have asked almost no challenging questions of his accusers, and they’re giving Jacobs almost no time to defend himself.

His lazy servant says he’s beaten her with his canes. (Never.) A neighbor says ghosts have told him that Jacobs had murdered them. (Ridiculous.) A confessed witch says she’s seen him at witches’ meetings. (Heresy.) The judges finally turn toward him and press him to confess, but Jacobs will not plead guilty, he will not belie himself, no matter how threatening the judges are.

But the judges are impatient. Another trial is waiting, and they have no time for prolonged lies from someone who’s obviously guilty. The jury retires but comes back so quickly it’s hard to believe they spoke a single word to one another. Guilty, they say. Jacobs will hang for his sins.


John Willard: A violent and principled man

Now the former deputy John Willard is standing in court, gritting his teeth and trying to unclench his fists. Yes, he tells the judges, when they ask about his occupation. Everyone knows he was a deputy, until two months ago. What’s wrong with that?

More problematic: Yes, he’d quit his job in protest. People were accused of witchcraft, but he knew, he knew they were innocent. He couldn’t bring himself to arrest them, so he’d defied the judges, ministers, and law men and walked away from his job.

None of this is new. But now the shrieking accusers have turned on him, and the judges only nod in assent. Willard himself must be in league with the Devil. Why else would he want people who were obviously guilty to go free?

And now his in-laws are testifying about his greatest flaw. He brings evil into his home, they say. Only the Devil could make someone so cruel to his wife. He’s beaten her more than once, and they, her parents, have helped her many times. Once he’d beaten her so violently that she’d hidden in a stairwell all night before escaping by horseback to her parents’ home.

He has no answer for that, but then his abused wife stands up and pleads his case. She’s been visiting him regularly in both prisons, in Salem of course but even in Boston, a full day of riding out and back. She takes care to bring him food and clean clothing. And she needs his help to raise enough food for their children. Doesn’t that count for something?

Maybe it does, but it’s not enough. John Willard is declared guilty, and sentenced to hang.


Tomorrow in Salem: A letter from prison

July 23: A resistance takes shape

Today in Salem: The seeds of resistance are fully rooted and beginning to grow.

In May the former deputy John Willard quit after arresting what he considered to be innocent people. In June a judge quit for the same reason. Soon after that, a group of ministers sent a letter to the judges in protest of spectral evidence.

This month grassroots protests have begun to take hold, with 11 people testifying on the neighborly Elizabeth How‘s behalf, and 39 signing a petition to the governor for the beloved Rebecca Nurse.

Now the harsh John Proctor writes a letter on behalf of his fellow prisoners to several influential ministers. Yesterday’s torture of the teenage boys (as well as Proctor’s own son) shows that confessions are being forced and accepted, even when they’re inconsistent. He and his fellow prisoners are condemned before they’ve even had their trials.

Proctor begs the ministers to attend the trials and see for themselves what’s happening. He asks them to intercede and have the trials held at the larger court in Boston, or at least replace the judges with more unbiased ones. Just as important, he begs for their prayers.


Tomorrow in Salem: A letter finds its way

May 18: INDICTED AND JAILED: former deputy John Willard. RELEASED: the pious Mary Esty

Today in Salem: Three people are on the run, escaping arrest. Another six have spent the morning sweating and trembling in front of the magistrates. Sent to jail: a 75yo drunkard who’d once relieved himself in his friend’s house. An outspoken woman who’d been reprimanded years ago for calling her fellow church members fools and lackwits. A terrified, mentally ill woman who immediately confessed. A folk healer who’d left his family. A woman who’d lost a house, land, and goods to unpaid debts. Her daughter.

man running

The real commotion begins in the afternoon, though, when former deputy John Willard enters the room. He’d also run away when he heard about his impending arrest. But after four days and a second arrest warrant, he’d been found, 40 miles away.

Running away is evidence enough that he’s guilty, but the magistrates don’t stop there. They want him to confess. They bear down with their questions, and they barely pause to hear him when he protests that he’s innocent. Then, when he takes a deep breath and bites his lip, the girls scream. He’s biting us, they wail. So the magistrates order him to keep his mouth open, which he does for the rest of the hearing.


The girls continue with their usual histrionics as depositions are read about the many ways he’s afflicted his family members. Has he bewitched his grandfather for praying for the Kingdom of Satan to be thrown down? Is it true that he beats his wife so hard that he breaks the sticks? He’s so confident in his speech – how does that square with someone who’s so afraid that he runs away?

Willard begs one of his neighbors to speak for him, but his response is damning. After a long pause, he says “I can say you have been very cruel to poor creatures.”


Still with his mouth open, still protesting his innocence, Willard tries to recite the Lord’s Prayer, but immediately makes a mistake when he adds “Maker of Heaven and Earth.” He starts again and misses again. He laughs at his mistakes, joking that he’s as bewitched as the girls are. But no one else laughs.

After an awkward pause, he tries again and gets farther, but skips a word. On the fourth He can’t say the prayer at all, and on the fifth attempt he claims “it is these wicked ones that do so overcome me!”

It’s obvious to the magistrates that he’s guilty, and they give him one more chance to confess.

“I desire to harken to all good council, but if it was the last time I was to speak,” Willard declares, “I am innocent.”

The magistrates don’t say anything. They just motion to the constable and send Willard to jail, where he’ll wait for future trial.


It’s almost anti-climactic when the pious Mary Esty is brought in. She’s been in jail for nearly a month, but the girls are no longer sure that it’s Mary who’s tormenting them. Mercy Lewis disagrees and claims that Mary is still afflicting her, but the magistrates have reached a decision and release Goody Esty to her tearful family.


LEARN MORE: What is the Lord’s Prayer? Why was it so important?

There were several tests that determined if a person was a witch. One of them was an inability to recite Scripture verbatim. A judge could use any piece of Scripture they wanted, and the Salem magistrates chose the Lord’s Prayer.

Our Father which art in heaven, Hallowed be thy name.
Thy kingdom come, Thy will be done in earth, as it is in heaven.
Give us this day our daily bread.
And forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors.
And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil: For thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, forever. Amen.

Any faithful Puritan would have heard this prayer many times and memorized it, even if they couldn’t read or write.


Tomorrow in Salem: PULLED FROM BED: the pious Mary Esty

Apr 23: Newly accused: the former constable John Willard

man falling

Today in Salem: Yesterday the constable was deeply uneasy watching his mother, the flamboyant Sarah Wilds, be carted off to jail for witchcraft. Today another constable enters the picture, one who is just as uncomfortable. He’s sure that some of the women in jail – whom he himself arrested – are actually innocent. After several sleepless nights, he’s quit his position in protest.

Unfortunately for the former deputy John Willard, it’s becoming clear that people who say the girls are lying end up being accused themselves. And now – it’s happening. He doesn’t know it yet, but the girls’ leader, 13-year-old Ann Putnam, is crying out against him this very minute. Her worried parents are watching as she falls to her knees and begs his specter for mercy as he tries to make her sign the Devil’s book.

Ann’s parents aren’t just worried. They’re angry. John had been involved in the mysterious death of their baby three winters ago. It doesn’t surprise them one bit that he’s aligned himself with the Devil.


WHO was John Willard?

John Willard’s mark

John Willard was 35. At the time of the first allegations of witchcraft Willard was serving as a constable, and had arrested some of the accused. When he quit his position in protest, the afflicted girls accused him of being a witch himself. Not only that, but they said he’d murdered 13 people.

Unfortunately he’d made powerful enemies in the Putnams. When he first arrived at Salem Village, John Willard worked as a hired hand on the Putnam farm. One of his many tasks on the farm was looking after the young children living there, including a newborn baby girl. When the baby died, the distraught parents blames Willard.

John was also unpopular with his wife’s family, who also made several accusations against him: that he beat his wife, caused business failures, and that he caused illness and even death by looking at people with an “evil eye.” Case files: John Willard


Tomorrow in Salem: The cantankerous Giles Corey writes a new will